Harvard Referencing Style Guide

The Harvard Style is based on a combination of author and date. If a date of publication cannot be found use one of the following subsitutes:

• c. 1995 = circa 1995 (an approximate date), where you can determine to within a year or two without much effort. You should try to use this whenever possible eg. Evidently there is still uncertainty and ongoing debate about the actual colours painted on Tunisian Tigers (Chaltry c. 2002).
• 2005? = a dubious / possible date. (Use when you can only determine to within a few years.)
• n.d. = no known date (Use this very sparingly. Most dates can be roughly determined.)
• forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future.

• In-text references should include page number details (if available) if you are paraphrasing or quoting.
• Page numbers are not required if referencing an entire work, eg. (Milligan 1985).
• If page numbers are not provided or possible, then author name and year of publication are sufficient.
• Use p. for a single page and pp. for a rangeof consecutive pages, e.g. (Dawkins 2012, pp. 15-19)
• Additional details such as volume numbers should only be used when necessary to avoid confusion with other volumes of the same series by an author.

• All in-text citations must have fully detailed, corresponding entries in a reference list at the end of your assignment.
• Reference list entries should be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname (or by organisation name).
• If an organisation name begins with ‘The’, ignore it and arrange their name alphabetically by the next word, eg. The Centre for Academic Excellence is not arranged down in the letter T, but at the letter C.
• Each new information source should begin on a new line.

• Arrange your reference list alphabetically by first listed author’s surname (or by organisation name).
• In each individual reference, list the author’s in the same order they appear on the work.
• Only use initials for author’s first names. Do not place full stops between or after initials, e.g. (Ghali, A, Neville, AM & Brown, TG).
• For two or more works published in different years by the same author, first place them correctly by author surname and then list them in chronological order by date, oldest to newest.
• For two or more works published in the same year by the same author, distinguish between them by arranging them in chronological order for that year and then adding a, b, c … after the year, both in-text and in your reference list. For example: (Brown 1995a) and (Brown 1995b).
• If you have used a work where the author cited another author, only give details of the author doing the citing, because it is from the citing author’s work that you sourced the information eg. Ryan, J 2010, A history of the Internet and the digital future, Reaktion, London – when you in fact used a quote from Tim Berners-Lee which appears on p. 107 of that work.
• No author: List the item alphabetically in your reference list by the title. For titles that start with words like ‘The’, ‘A’ or ‘An’, ignore the article word and arrange by the next word, e.g. The zombie apocalypse that never was is not arranged under letter T, but under letter Z.
• Translated work: Include the translator’s name after the title with a prefix of ‘trans.’ eg. Xingjian, G 2000, Soul mountain, trans. M Lee, HarperCollins, Sydney.

The Harvard Style is based on a combination of author and date. If a date of publication cannot be found use one of the following subsitutes:

• c. 1995 = circa 1995 (an approximate date), where you can determine to within a year or two without much effort. You should try to use this whenever possible eg. Evidently there is still uncertainty and ongoing debate about the actual colours painted on Tunisian Tigers (Chaltry c. 2002).
• 2005? = a dubious / possible date. (Use when you can only determine to within a few years.)
• n.d. = no known date (Use this very sparingly. Most dates can be roughly determined.)
• forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future.

• Book titles and subtitles, journal names, and web document / page titles and subtitles should be in italics.
• Place a colon between a title and a subtitle..
• Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns of book titles, chapter titles, journal article titles and web document titles should be capitalised.
• All major words in the titles of journals, newspaper/magazines should be capitalised. 
• Chapter titles and journal/newspaper/magazine article titles should be enclosed in single quotation marks; they should not be in italics.
• Web document / web page titles are usually shown at or near the top of the web document / page.

Articles

• Use the abbreviations vol. for volume and no. for issue number.
• If there is no volume number, use the issue number.
• If there is no volume or issue number, list any available designation such as the day and/or month or season.

Book in a series

• Insert the series title after the title of the work.
• The series title is not italicised.
• If the series has a number or volume, insert ‘vol.’ or ‘no.’ after the series title.

• If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.
• Do not use full stops in abbreviated place names (e.g. NSW not N.S.W.)

Books

• Page numbers are not usually needed in the reference list for books. If you do use them, add them at the end of the citation, preceded by a comma, and followed by a full stop, e.g. Huth, E 2005, ‘Fragments of participation in architecture, 1963–2002: Graz and Berlin’, in P Blundell Jones, D Petrescu & J Till (eds), Architecture and participation, Spon Press, London, pp. 141-148.

Articles

• Page numbers appear at the end of the citation, preceded by a comma, and followed by a full stop, e.g. Byrne, F, Coster, A & Deery, S 2010, ‘Ugg maker gets his boots on’, Herald Sun, 11 March, p. 30.

Reference list entry

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

Argibay-losada, P, Suarez-Gonzalez, A, Lopez-Garcia, C & Fernandez-Veiga, M 2010, ‘Flow splitting for end-to-end proportional QoS in OBS networks’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 257-269.

In-text

Direct quote

“The main reason …” (Argibay-losada et al. 2010, p. 263).

Paraphrase

Argibay-losada et al. (2010, p. 263) identified that…

Notes

• Follow this example for journal and magazine articlesfrom library databases or in print.
• For articles freely available online, follow the example for Article on the internet below.
• Enclose the article title in single quotes ‘…’
• If there is no volume number, just list the issue number.
• If there is no volume or issue number, list any available designation such as the day and/or month, or season.

Reference list entry

‘Article Title’ Year of publication, Journal Title, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

‘World’s oldest pills treated sore eyes’ 2013, New Scientist, vol. 217, no. 2899, p. 15.

In-text

Direct quote

According to World’s oldest pills treated sore eyes (2013, p. 15), “In ancient Rome …”

Paraphrase

… and this treatment has existed since Roman times (World’s oldest pills treated sore eyes 2013, p. 15).

Notes

• Where there is no author, use the title in place of the author’s name.
• For the reference list, enclose the article title in single quotes ‘…’.
• In-text, the article title is not enclosed in single quotes, but is in italics instead.
• If there is no volume number, use the issue number.
• If there is no volume or issue number, list any available designation such as the dy and/or month or season.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title, Day Month, page numbers.

Crowe, D 2013, ‘Big projects ordered to buy local’, The Australian, 17 January, p. 1.

Direct quote

“Big investors will …” (Crowe 2013, p. 1)

Paraphrase

Crowe (2013, p. 1) claims bigger investors will ….

• Newspaper articles are referenced the same as journal articles, just replace the vol/issue number with the day and month of publication.

‘Article Title’ Year of publication, Newspaper Title, Day Month of issue, page numbers.

‘Cyclists link up for homeless’ 2012, Herald Sun, 17 November, p. 9.

Direct quote

“Up to 6500 cyclists are expected” (Cyclists link up for homeless 2012, p. 9)

Paraphrase

According to Cyclists link up for homeless (2012, p. 9) 6,500 cyclists were …

• Where there is no author, use the article title instead.
• For the reference list, enclose the article title in single quotes ‘…’.
• In-text, the article title is not enclosed in single quotes, but is in italics instead.

• Magazine articles, sourced from library databases or in print, are referenced the same as journal articles.
• If you are referencing a magazine article you found freely available online, use the example below for Article on the internet.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper/Journal/Magazine Title, Day Month (or volume/issue number if applicable), viewed Day Month Year,  <URL>.

Hamlyn-Harris, JH 2013, ‘Ten ways you can avoid being caught in the PRISM net’, The Conversation, viewed 13 August 2013, <http://theconversation.com/ten-ways-you-can-avoid-being-caught-in-the-prism-net-15696>.

Direct quote

“Future developments in decryption …”(Hamlyn-Harris 2013).

Paraphrase

Hamlyn-Harris (2013) looks at …

• Follow this example for articlesfreely available on the internet.
• For articles from library databases or in print format, follow the example for journal or newspaper articles.
• Where there is no author, use the title in place of the author’s name – follow the guidelines and examples at Journal Article (noauthor) and Newspaper Article (no author).

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Dawkins, R 2012, The magic of reality, Black Swan, London.

Direct quote

“The universe has …” (Dawkins 2012, p. 226).

Paraphrase

Dawkins (2012, p. 226) asserted that …

• In-text references use author’s surnames only and do not include initials.

Author, Initial(s), & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Tiernan, A & Weller, P 2010, Learning to be a Minister: heroic expectations, practical realities, Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Direct quote

Tiernan and Weller (2010, p. 299) state that “… “

Paraphrase

A minister’s performance will be … (Tiernan & Weller 2010, p. 299).

• List author’s names in the order they are listed in the book.

Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s), & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Gabler, M, Lienhard, J, Cremers, J & Knippers, J 2011, Construction manual for polymers + membranes: materials semi-finished products, form-finding design, Birkhauser Architecture, Basel

Direct quote

Direct quote

Gabler et al. (2012, p. 67) recommend “…”

Paraphrase

The process involves… (Gabler et al. 2012, p. 68).

• List author’s names in the order they are listed in the book.
• In-text: Only list the name of the first author followed by et al. (meaning ‘and others’)
• Reference list: List all authors (do not use et al.).

Title Year of publication, Publisher, Place of publication.

Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004, Business/Higher Education Round Table, Fitzroy, VIC.

Direct quote

Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that “Australia is…”

Paraphrase

Australia has a role in … (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004).

• Use the title and the year in place of the author. Do not place a comma between the title and year.
• List the item alphabetically in your reference list by the title.
• Italicise the title but do not italicise the date.
• Do not use Anon or Anonymous.

Organisation Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

International Chamber of Commerce 2010, Incoterms 2010: ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms, ICC Services, Paris.

Direct quote

The “seller is required to …” (International Chamber of Commerce 2010, p. 105).

Paraphrase

The International Chamber of Commerce (2010, p. 105) established that …

• Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
• Use the same rules as for books with one author.

Chapter Author, Initials(s) Year of publication, ‘Chapter Title’, in Editor’s Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds), Book Title, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers of chapter.

Connell, D 2012, ‘Flailing about in the Murray-Darling basin’, in K Crowley & KJ Walker (eds), Environmental policy failure: the Australian story, Tilde University Press, Prahran, pp. 74-87.

Direct quote

“States have …” (Connell 2012, p. 80).

Paraphrase

Connell (2012, p. 80) suggests …

• Enclose the chapter title in single quotation marks.
• After the chapter title, insert the word ‘in‘ before the name of the editor(s).
• Use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for multiple editors.
• In your reference list, use the editor’s name with initials before surname (e.g. K Crowley)
• If there is no chapter author, use the title in place of the author in-text and in the reference list.

Author, Initial(s), & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, edn (edition), Publisher, Place of publication.

McCurley, S, Lynch, R & Jackson, R 2012, The complete volunteer management handbook, 3rd edn, Directory of Social Change, London.

Direct quote

“Volunteer programmes are …” (McCurley, Lynch & Jackson 2012, p. 78).

Paraphrase

McCurley, Lynch & Jackson (2012, p. 78) found that …

• The edition statement is only included if this is not the first edition (e.g. 2nd edn).
• Insert the edition statement after the title.
• Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
• A reprint or revised version is not a new edition and does not need specific mentioning; year of publication is enough to identify a reprint.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title of the book, Series Title, vol. (if available), Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Cabrera, M & Malanowski, N 2009 (eds), Information and communication technologies for active ageing: opportunities and challenges for the European Union, Assistive technology research series, vol. 23, IOS Press, Amsterdam.

Direct quote

“Demographic challenges are …” (Cabrera & Malanowski 2009, p. 7).

Paraphrase

Cabrera & Malanowski (2009, p. 142) explain …

• Insert the series title after the title of the work.
• The series title is not italicised.
• If the series has a number or volume, insert ‘vol.’ or ‘no.’ after the series title.

‘Table/graph title’ [table], in Author, Initial(s) Year, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, page number(s).

‘Table 1: Personality problems – behaviour predictors’ [table], in R de Board 1983, Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers, Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25.

Paraphrase

The graph (de Board, 1983) illustrates …

• Follow this example for a table/graph/image from a book, where no other part of the book is used.
• The reference list and in-text reference must refer to the book where it is located.
• Enclose the title of the graph/table/image in single quotes.
• After the title, insert an identifier to describe what you are referencing: [table] for tables and flowcharts, [graph] for graphs, [advertisement] for advertisements, and [image] for everything else.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Ebook collection.

Tanaka, Y 2012, The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge University Press, EBL Ebook Library.

Direct quote

Tanaka (2012, p. 19) asserts that “After World War II …”

Paraphrase

Coastal nations can … (Tanaka 2012, p. 19).

• Use this example for ebooks sourced from Swinburne Library databases. Instead of place of publication, use the name of the ebook collection (e.g Books 24×7, EBL Ebook Library), as above.
• For ebooks sourced from ereaders, replace the place of publication with the name of the ereader device (e.g. Kindle).
• For ebooks sourced elsewehere online, use the guidelines for webpages.

Author, Initial(s) Year, Title of document / webpage / website, Organisation/Host, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Yates, J 2009, Tax expenditures and housing, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, viewed 12 November 2013, < https://www.ahuri.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/3117/
AHURI_Research_Paper_Tax_expenditures_and_housing.pdf >.

Direct quote

“Most official estimates …” (Yates 2009).

Paraphrase

Yates (2009) looked at the equity implications of tax …

• No author: Use the title of the webpage.
• Organisation as author: The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.
• Date: The year the webpage was created or last updated. You may use the copyright date if one is mentioned and there is no clear Year of creation/Year of update. Otherwise, see Dates under guidelines for reference lists above.
• Title: The title of the webpage or document (e.g. pdf) should be in italics.
• Organisation/Host: The organisation responsible for hosting the website / putting the information up onto the Web. The organisation/host may be the same as the organisation that is the author of the information.
• URL: Include the full URL in angled brackets < > and finish with a fullstop.

Author(s) Initial(s) (if different to Author of webpage) Year (if earlier than Year of publication of webpage), ‘Title of image’ (or [Descriptive title of image]) [identifier], in Initial(s) Author(s) Year, Title of Webpage, Organisation/Host, viewed Day Month Year, < URL of .jpg/.gif/.png etc., not URL of webpage >.

Geoscience Australia & Murray Darling Basin Authority, ‘[Map of Murray Darling Basin]’, in AustralianFarmers 2019, 5 FAQs about the Menindee fish deaths, National Farmers’ Federation, viewed 13 May 2019, < https://mk0australianfa1qtvu.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/murray-darling-basin-map.jpg>. 

In-text

Paraphrase

The two zones on the map immediately below (Geoscience Australia & Murray Darling Basin Authority 2019) show deoxygenated water…

• Follow this example for a table/graph/image/advertisement from a webpage or web document, where no other part of the webpage or web document book is used.
• Provide the bibliographic details of the image first, then the details of the information source in which it appears. If the author of the image is different to the author of the article, then guidelines similar to those at Chapter in an edited book blended with Website will apply. If the year of publication of the image is different to the year of publication of the article, those different dates must be indicated in the reference list entry.
• Provide the bibliographic details using the webpage the image is embedded in or viewed from, except the URL must be to the image itself, which may have a different Organisation/Host to the webpage (common with crosslinking).
• Enclose the title of the graph/table/image in single quotes.
• If the image does not have a title, create your own descriptive title and enclose it in square brackets, then immediately enclose that in single quotation marks.
• After the title, insert an identifier to describe what you are referencing: [table] for tables and flowcharts, [graph] for graphs, [advertisement] for advertisements, and [image] for everything else.
• If there is no author’s name but only a username, use the username as the author name and use it exactly as it appears on the information source.
• If you have one information source and use an image that was created by one person and a section of text written by a different person, or if you use two images from one source and they were both created by different people, then you will need to create separate reference list entries for each.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Blog Post Title’, Title of Blog, Day Month (of post), viewed Day Month year, <URL>.

Berg, J 2013, ‘Failure, organizational culture, and library management’, BeerBrarian, 20 November, viewed 26 November 2013, < http://beerbrarian.blogspot.com.au/2013/11/failure-organizational-culture-and.html>.

Direct quote

Berg (2013) reminds us that “Failure is…”

Paraphrase

Library directors will … (Berg 2013).

• If no proper name is given, use the author’s username.
• If there is no author name or username, use the blog post title instead.
• After the title of the blog, put the day and month of the individual post.
• If an author posts multiple entries on the same day, include the time the entry was posted (e.g. 12 August, 1:24 PM)

Author, Initial(s) Year, Title of podcast, Title of show (if any), Name of Organisation/Website (if any), Day Month (of posting, if any), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Clements S, Krone, B, Girimaji, J & Denny, M 2012, E17 – enhancing your wireless with a MSE, No Strings Attached Show, 10 December, viewed 12 November 2013, <http://nostringsattachedshow.com/2012/12/10/e17-enhancing-your-wireless-with-a-mse/>.

Direct quote

“…” (Clements et al. 2013)

Paraphrase

Clements et al. (2013) discussed …

• For radio podcasts follow the example for TV and radio under Other sources.
• Where there is no identifiable author or speaker, use the title of the podcast in place of the author. Example: Ira Flatow and the Teachable Moment 2013, Science Talk, Scientific American, 20 September, viewed 6 November 2013, <http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=ira-flatow-and-the-teachable-moment-13-09-20>.

Author, Initial(s)/Username Year of post, Title (or brief description of post), Day Month (date of post), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Dent, G 2013, Grace Dent, 13 January, viewed 23 January 2013, <https://twitter.com/gracedent/status/290434401811173376>.

Direct quote

Dent (2013) stated that “…”

Paraphrase

(Dent 2013)

• Social media is usually cited as you would reference a website.
• If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
• You do not need to list the name of the platform (eg. Facebook, Twitter).
• If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (e.g. 13 January, 4:25 AM).

Author Initial(s)/Username Year, Title of video, Day Month (video was posted), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

INSEADofficial 2010, Social responsibility in business today, 14 June, viewed 13 November 2012, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qwDQN-b72Y>.

Direct quote

“35% of GDP comes from new remittances” (INSEADofficial 2010).

Paraphrase

Chris Taylor’s interview on INSEADofficial (2010) was …

• Use this example for video sharing sites such as YouTube and Vimeo.
• If no proper name is given, use the username.
• For official company or organistation YouTube channels, use the username exactly as it appears.
• After the title, include the day and month the video was added.

Australian Bureau of Statistics Year of publication, Title, catalogue number, ABS, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Marriages and divorces, Australia, cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, viewed 14 October 2013, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3310.0Main+Features12011?OpenDocument>.

Direct quote

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) reported that “The marriage rate …”

Paraphrase

The figures showed … (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011).

• Include the ABS catalogue number after the title, if the item has one.
• Use ABS as the Organisation/Host details.
• Use the abbreviation ‘cat. no.‘ for the catalogue number.

Title of the Act Year of publication (Jurisdiction), Location online, Section number (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (Cwlth), ComLaw, s. 21, viewed 21 December 2011, <http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00973>.

Direct quote

“A person who…” (Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (Cwlth), s.21.019)

Paraphrase

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (Cwlth) provides for …

• Italicise both the title and year of publication.
• List the abbreviation of the jurisdiction in brackets, e.g. for Commonwealth use (Cwlth).
• Use ‘s.’ or ‘ss.’ for the section number, e.g. s. 24 or ss. 24-56

Name of the Case (Year), Report series and first page number, AustLII, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

R v Ramage (2004) VSC 508, AustLII, viewed 4 April 2012, <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2004/508.html>.

Direct quote

The judge in R v Ramage (2004) VSC 508 stated the “The Court cannot allow…”

Paraphrase

The judge in R v Ramage (2004) VSC 508 acknowledged

• For in-text references, write the full details directly into your text – only the year is enclosed in parentheses.
• Italicise the name of the case.
• List the report series using the abbreviation (e.g HCA stands for High Court of Australia).
• If a case is reported in multiple report series, list all of the report series and starting page numbers, seperated by semicolons (e.g HCA 63; 208 CLR 199; 185 ALR 1; 76 ALJR 1)

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Title of the paper’, Title of the conference, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Hentschel, C, Wagner, A & Spanner-Ulmer, B 2012, ‘Analysis of the application of the assembly-specific evaluation method EAWS for the ergonomic evaluation of logistic processes’, Contemporary ergonomics and human factors 2012, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 221-226.

Direct quote

“Evaluation of logistic …” (Hentschel, Wagner & Spanner-Ulmer 2012, p. 225)

Paraphrase

Hentschel, Wagner & Spanner-Ulmer (2012, p. 225) explain that …

• If there is no identifiable author, use the title instead.
• Date of publication may differ to the date of the conference.
• If the title of the conference also includes the place and date that the conference was held, then these should also be included in the title.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Title of entry’, in Editor’s Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds), Title of encyclopedia, Edition (if not the first), Volume number (if any), Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Meadows, M 2011, ‘Indigenous media (Australia)’, in JDH Downing (ed.), Encyclopedia of social movement media, SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, pp. 247-250.

Direct quote

Meadows (2011, p. 248) tells us that “Indigenous media …”

Paraphrase

In Australia … (Meadows 2011, p. 248)

• List the entry title in single quotation marks and the encyclopedia title in italics.
• Authored entry: Use the same layout as a chapter in an edited book (as above).
• No author: If there is no author for an entry, use the title of the entry instead. Example: ‘Scherenfernrohr’ 2011, in P Chamberlain & S Zaloga (eds), Encyclopaedia of WWII field equipment, Wotpress, Minsk.
• Online from Swinburne Library: If you are using an encyclopedia from a library database, replace the publisher and place of publication with the database name. Example: ‘Naga’ 2012, in J Bowker (ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions, Oxford Reference.

Title Year of release [format], Production company, Place of Publication (if any).

Despicable me 2 2013 [DVD], Universal Studios.

Direct quote

” … ” (Despicable me 2 2013)

Paraphrase

Reformation of criminals in Despicable me 2 (2013) is explored by…

• Enclose the format in square brackets, e.g [DVD], [VHS], [Blu-ray].
• Any other details you decide are useful to help further identify the particular source you use can be included after the Place of Publication (eg Director’s cut). Place a fullstop after Place of Publication, list the extra details and place fullstops between each different set of details.

Author, Initial(s)/Organisation Year of publication, Title, Library database, Report number (if any).

Williams, M 2012, Gold ore mining in Australia, IBISWorld, B1314.

Direct quote

“The industry has also faced higher…” (Williams 2012, p. 5).

Paraphrase

Williams (2012, p. 5) claims industry faces higher …

• Follow this example for industry and market reports from Swinburne Library databases.
• Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report. Example: Morningstar Australasia 2013, Bank of Queensland Limited BOQ, DatAnalysis Premium.

Lecturer, Initial Year, ‘Lecture title’, Course code and name, Location online, University name, Date of presentation, viewed Day Month Year.

Gao, Y 2017, ‘Lecture 3. Aircraft evaluation and selection’, AVA10005 Aviation regulation & operation, Learning materials via Canvas, Swinburne University of Technology, 15 August, viewed 30 August 2017.

Direct quote

“Systems can be natural or artificial” (Tipping 2010)

Paraphrase

Tipping (2010) explained …

• Follow this example for notes you or others took during lectures, or the Powerpoint slides from the lectures made available via Canvas.
• Enclose the lecture title in single quotes.
• Course code and name are both italicised.

Author/Organisation Year of publication, Title (or description), Publisher, Place of Publication, leaflet/booklet.

Epworth Richmond 2012?, Allergy challenge procedure, Epworth Richmond, Victoria, leaflet.

Direct quote

” … ” (Epworth Richmond 2012?)

Paraphrase

A brochure from the Epworth Richmond (2012?) demonstrated …

• Use this example for flyers, information sheets, pamphlets, brochures etc.
• A leaflet is a single sheet of paper. A booklet is two or more sheets of paper joined together.
• If there is no author, use the title of the pamphlet or the organisation/publisher as the author.
• Use c. if you can determine an approximate date, ? for a possible date, n.d. when no date can be determined at all.
• If publisher and/or place of publication cannot be determined, they can be omitted.

Treat as per relevant guidelines for information source but add Swinburne Commons, viewed Day Month Year.

Louis, L 2010, Guide to road tunnels part 1: introduction to road tunnels, (AGRT01/10), Swinburne Commons, viewed 28 April 2017.

Direct quote

“…reinforced by 1020 bright steel mesh” (Louis 2010, p. 78).

Paraphrase

…use of reinforced concrete for culverts (Louis 2010, p. 78).

Author Year, Day Month

Direct quote

This was confirmed by email (Kelly 2008, 3 July).

Paraphrase

Peter Kelly confirmed this by email (2008, 3 July).

• Includes emails, letters, interviews, phonecalls, conversations, presentations/public lectures, private social media communications etc. Personal communications should be written directly into your text.
• A reference list entry is not required, unless your information sources are mostly comprised of personal communications.
• Get permission from the person you are citing before using their details.
• Keep hardcopies/printouts of emails and private social media communications as you may be required to prove their existence.

Author Year of publication, Title, (Standard Number), Library database.

Standards Australia 2009, LP Gas fuel vessels for automotive use, (AS/NZS 3509:2009), SAI Global Limited.

Direct quote

The rule from Standards Australia (2009, p. 23) is: “An adhesive label …”

Paraphrase

It is permissible to … (Standards Australia 2009, p. 23).

• Follow this example for Australian Standards and IEEE Standards.
• The standard number should be enclosed in brackets.
• You must list the library database used to access the standard.

Author, Initial/s Year of publication, ‘Title of thesis’, Award, Institution, Location of Institution.

Jiang, J 2013, ‘Balancing the roles of paid employment and unpaid caregiving’, PhD thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne.

Direct quote

“A caregiver’s propensity to leave the workforce …” (Jiang 1995, p. 40)

Paraphrase

Jiang’s (1995) research found…

• Theses are unpublished works, so the title is in single quotes not italics.
• For Award you can use relevant abbreviation, e.g PhD thesis, Masters thesis, Honours thesis.

Program Title Year of broadcast [format], Series title (if any), Broadcasting station, Day and Month of broadcast.

Laughter as medicine 2013 [radio program], RN drive, ABC Radio National, 15 October.

Direct quote

” … ” (Laughter as medicine 2013)

Paraphrase

Laughter as medicine (2013) explored …

• Follow this example for referencing live broadcasts or TV and radio sourced from Library databases.
• For format use [television program] or [radio program].
• If there is no program title, use the series title instead. For example: 
  RN drive 2012 [radio program], ABC Radio National, 5 December.
• For podcasts of radio programs, add the date viewed and URL to the podcast file. For example:
  The proteins which regulate obesity 2012 [radio program], The Science show, ABC Radio National, 1 December, viewed 6 December 2012, <http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2012/12/ssw_20121201_1217.mp3>.”

Name of mapmaker Year, Title of map, Sheet number and scale, Series (if applicable), Place of publication, publisher.

Ordnance Survey 1974, Saxmundham and Alderburgh 156, 1:50000, First series, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Direct quote

“……” ( Ordnance Survey 1974)

Paraphrase

Ordnance Survey ( 1074) explored ….